Post by carruthersjam on May 22, 2007 11:19:06 GMT -8
A few abstracts regarding Beta-alanine:
Amino Acids. 2006 May;30(3):279-89. Epub 2006 Mar 24.
The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis.
Harris RC,
Beta-alanine in blood-plasma when administered as A) histidine dipeptides (equivalent to 40 mg . kg(-1) bwt of beta-alanine) in chicken broth, or B) 10, C) 20 and D) 40 mg . kg(-1) bwt beta-alanine (CarnoSyn, NAI, USA), peaked at 428 +/- SE 66, 47 +/- 13, 374 +/- 68 and 833 +/- 43 microM. Concentrations regained baseline at 2 h. Carnosine was not detected in plasma with A) although traces of this and anserine were found in urine. Loss of beta-alanine in urine with B) to D) was <5%. Plasma taurine was increased by beta-alanine ingestion but this did not result in any increased loss via urine. Pharmacodynamics were further investigated with 3 x B) per day given for 15 d. Dietary supplementation with I) 3.2 and II) 6.4 g . d(-1) beta-alanine (as multiple doses of 400 or 800 mg) or III) L-carnosine (isomolar to II) for 4 w resulted in significant increases in muscle carnosine estimated at 42.1, 64.2 and 65.8%.
===============
Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33. Epub 2006 Jul 28. Links
Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.
Muscle carnosine synthesis is limited by the availability of beta-alanine. Thirteen male subjects were supplemented with beta-alanine (CarnoSyntrade mark) for 4 wks, 8 of these for 10 wks. A biopsy of the vastus lateralis was obtained from 6 of the 8 at 0, 4 and 10 wks. Subjects undertook a cycle capacity test to determine total work done (TWD) at 110% (CCT(110%)) of their maximum power (W(max)). Twelve matched subjects received a placebo. Eleven of these completed the CCT(110%) at 0 and 4 wks, and 8, 10 wks. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 5 of the 8 and one additional subject. Muscle carnosine was significantly increased by +58.8% and +80.1% after 4 and 10 wks beta-alanine supplementation. Carnosine, initially 1.71 times higher in type IIa fibres, increased equally in both type I and IIa fibres. No increase was seen in control subjects. Taurine was unchanged by 10 wks of supplementation. 4 wks beta-alanine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in TWD (+13.0%); with a further +3.2% increase at 10 wks. TWD was unchanged at 4 and 10 wks in the control subjects. The increase in TWD with supplementation followed the increase in muscle carnosine.
==================
Amino Acids. 2007 Apr;32(3):381-6. Epub 2006 Nov 30. Links
Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.
¡¤ Stout JR,
This study examined the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)), ventilatory threshold (VT), maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O(2-MAX)), and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) in women. Twenty-two women (age +/- SD 27.4 +/- 6.1 yrs) participated and were randomly assigned to either the beta-alanine (CarnoSyntrade mark) or Placebo (PL) group. Before (pre) and after (post) the supplementation period, participants performed a continuous, incremental cycle ergometry test to exhaustion to determine the PWC(FT), VT, [Formula: see text]O(2-MAX), and TTE. There was a 13.9, 12.6 and 2.5% increase (p < 0.05) in VT, PWC(FT), and TTE, respectively, for the beta-alanine group, with no changes in the PL (p > 0.05). There were no changes for [Formula: see text]O(2-MAX) (p > 0.05) in either group. Results of this study indicate that beta-alanine supplementation delays the onset of neuromuscular fatigue (PWC(FT)) and the ventilatory threshold (VT) at submaximal workloads, and increase in TTE during maximal cycle ergometry performance. However, beta-alanine supplementation did not affect maximal aerobic power ([Formula: see text]O(2-MAX)). In conclusion, beta-alanine supplementation appears to improve submaximal cycle ergometry performance and TTE in young women, perhaps as a result of an increased buffering capacity due to elevated muscle carnosine concentrations.
===============
J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Nov;20(4):928-31. Links
Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold.
¡¤ Stout JR,
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine (b-Ala) and creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue by using the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)) test in untrained men. Fifty-one men (mean age +/- SD = 24.5 +/- 5.3 years) volunteered to participate in this 28-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: placebo (PLA; 34 g dextrose; n = 13), CrM (5.25 g CrM plus 34 g dextrose; n = 12), b-Ala (1.6 g b-Ala plus 34 g of dextrose; n = 12), or b-Ala plus CrM (CrBA; 5.25 g CrM plus 1.6 g b-Ala plus 34 g dextrose; n = 14). The supplement was ingested 4 times per day for 6 consecutive days, then twice per day for 22 days before posttesting. Before and after the supplementation, subjects performed a continuous incremental cycle ergometry test while a surface electromyographic signal was recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle to determine PWC(FT). The adjusted mean posttest PWC(FT) values (covaried for pretest PWC(FT) values) for the b-Ala and CrBA groups were greater than those for the PLA group (p < or = 0.05). However, there were no differences between the CrM vs. PLA, CrBA vs. b-Ala, CrM vs. b-Ala, or CrM vs. CrBA groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that b-Ala supplementation may delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Furthermore, there appeared to be no additive or unique effects of CrM vs. b-Ala alone on PWC(FT).
===================
Effect of Creatine and ¥â-Alanine Supplementation on Performance and Endocrine Responses in Strength/Power Athletes: 1120: 9:45 AM - 10:00 AM
Hoffman, Jay R. FACSM1; Ratamess, Nicholas A.1; Kang, Jie FACSM1; Mangine, Gerald1; Faigenbaum, Avery D. FACSM1; Stout, Jeffrey R. FACSM2
PURPOSE: The effects of creatine and creatine + ¥â-alanine on strength, power, body composition and endocrine changes were examined during a 10-week resistance training program in strength/power athletes.
METHODS: Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo (P), creatine (C) or creatine + ©¬-alanine (CA) group. During each testing session subjects were assessed for strength (maximum bench press and squat), power (Wingate anaerobic power test, 20-jump test) and body composition. Resting blood samples were analyzed for total testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, IGF-1 and sex hormone binding globulin.
RESULTS: No differences in body mass, lean mass, fat mass, body fat composition or power measures were seen between the groups. However, ¥ä changes in lean mass and % body fat were greater (p<0.05) in CA compared to C or P. Significantly greater strength improvements were also seen in both the 1-RM squat and bench press for CA (24.1 ¡¾ 6.8 kg and 11.8 ¡¾ 5.0 kg, respectively) and C (23.6 ¡¾ 12.3 kg and 15.0 ¡¾ 7.7 kg, respectively) compared to P (5.5 ¡¾ 8.6 kg and 6.8 ¡¾ 6.4 kg, respectively). Resting testosterone concentrations were elevated in C, however, no other significant endocrine changes were noted.
CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of creatine and creatine plus ¥â-alanine on strength performance. Creatine plus ¥â-alanine supplementation appeared to have the greatest effect on lean tissue accruement and body fat composition.
=====================
Effect of 14 Days Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Isometric Endurance of the Knee Extensors: 1119: 9:30 AM - 9:45 AM
Harris, Roger C.1; Hill, Chester A.1; Sale, Craig1; Jones, Glenys A.1; Kim, Hyo J.2; Wise, John A.3; Kraemer, William J FACSM, FACSM
(R.C. Harris, Royalty, Natural Alternatives International, Inc.)
Carnosine (Carn) occurs in muscle in high concentrations and is an important contributor to H+ buffering. Carn is synthesised in situ from Beta-Alanine (¥â-Ala) and Histidine (His). Synthesis in muscle appears to be limited by ¥â-Ala availability which is normally obtained from ex-muscle synthesis and meat ingestion. We have reported an 80% increase in muscle Carn with supplementation of up to 6.4g¡¤d-1 of ¥â-Ala. Evidence from our laboratory indicates that uptake of ¥â-ala into muscle is further enhanced by co-administration with simple sugars.
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of 14 day ¥â-Ala supplementation, with additional carbohydrate (CHO), upon isometric endurance performance of the knee extensors at 45-50% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC). This MVC coincides with the peak in intramuscular lactate accumulation and pH decrease.
METHODS: Twenty subjects [mean (SD)] aged 25.3 (7.5) yrs; mass 78.0 (10.2) kg were assigned to receive either 4 ¡¿ 1.6g¡¤d-1 ¥â-Ala or a placebo equivalent for 14 days. Each dose was ingested with 45-65g CHO. Isometric exercise endurance (time in seconds) of the knee extensors, and impulse (kNewton.sec) generated, were measured pre and post supplementation.
RESULTS: Mean (SE) MVC's of test and placebo subjects were 685 (38) and 653 (51) Newtons, respectively. Exercise endurance times, pre and post supplementation, were treatment: 70.0 (5.3) and 78.0 (3.3) sec, and control: 74.5 (4.1) and 73.8 (3.5) sec. The 8.0 (3.2) sec gain in the treatment group was significant (p<0.02) compared to the change in the control. Impulse changed by +2.665 (1.099) and -0.140 (0.449) kNewton.sec in the treatment and control groups respectively (p<0.02).
CONCLUSION: The 11.4% increase in isometric endurance is consistent with an increase in intramuscular buffering capacity and predictions that pH may limit exercise performance. The results agree with a previous presentation demonstrating a significant gain in high intensity cycling duration, but in the present case using a shorter 14 day supplementation period.
EFFECT OF COMBINED BETA-ALANINE AND CREATINE MONOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
[E-14L FREE COMMUNICATION POSTER/CREATINE]
Harris, R C.1; Hill, C1; Wise, J A.1
Carnosine contributes to physico-chemical buffering of H+ in muscle by virtue of its histidine residue which exhibits a pKa of 6.83. Carnosine (¥â-alanylhistidine) is synthesised in muscle from its 2 constituent amino acids of which ¥â-alanine (¥â-Ala) appears to be limiting. ¥â-Ala is normally obtained from ex-muscle synthesis or meat ingestion.
PURPOSE
To investigate if ¥â-Ala supplementation increases the capacity to undertake intense exercise normally associated with lactate accumulation.
METHODS
28 healthy male subjects (24-30 years; 65-95kg), active in one or more sport, were supplemented with (a) (4 ¡¿ 800 mg).d-1 ¥â-Ala for 5w with (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 creatine monohydrate (CrM) during the 5th week (n = 10); (b) (4 ¡¿ 800mg).d-1 placebo for 5w with (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 CrM over the 5th week (n = 9); (c) (4 ¡¿ 800mg).d-1 matching placebo for 5w with an additional (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 placebo replacing the CrM during the 5th week (n = 9). Treatments were allocated randomly and the study conducted double blind. Isometric endurance at 50% MVC and power output during a 4 min all-out maximal ergometer exercise (PO4max) were assessed before and at the end of the 5th week.
RESULTS
The mean endurance at 50% MVC and the product of force ¡¿ time showed a small and equal increase in (a) and (b) relative to (c) though this was not significant. PO4max was increased in (a) >(b) >(c) (38.2, 8.7 and -1.6W, respectively). The contrast of (a) with (b) or (c) was significant (P < 0.05) but not (b) with (c). Most of the gain in PO in (a) occurred during the 1 minute of exercise.
CONCLUSION
Supplementation with ¥â-Ala increases maximal PO during the first minute of maximal dynamic exercise before full cardiovascular adjustment occurs, probably as a result of an increase in H+ buffering by muscle carnosine.
Amino Acids. 2006 May;30(3):279-89. Epub 2006 Mar 24.
The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis.
Harris RC,
Beta-alanine in blood-plasma when administered as A) histidine dipeptides (equivalent to 40 mg . kg(-1) bwt of beta-alanine) in chicken broth, or B) 10, C) 20 and D) 40 mg . kg(-1) bwt beta-alanine (CarnoSyn, NAI, USA), peaked at 428 +/- SE 66, 47 +/- 13, 374 +/- 68 and 833 +/- 43 microM. Concentrations regained baseline at 2 h. Carnosine was not detected in plasma with A) although traces of this and anserine were found in urine. Loss of beta-alanine in urine with B) to D) was <5%. Plasma taurine was increased by beta-alanine ingestion but this did not result in any increased loss via urine. Pharmacodynamics were further investigated with 3 x B) per day given for 15 d. Dietary supplementation with I) 3.2 and II) 6.4 g . d(-1) beta-alanine (as multiple doses of 400 or 800 mg) or III) L-carnosine (isomolar to II) for 4 w resulted in significant increases in muscle carnosine estimated at 42.1, 64.2 and 65.8%.
===============
Amino Acids. 2007 Feb;32(2):225-33. Epub 2006 Jul 28. Links
Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity.
Muscle carnosine synthesis is limited by the availability of beta-alanine. Thirteen male subjects were supplemented with beta-alanine (CarnoSyntrade mark) for 4 wks, 8 of these for 10 wks. A biopsy of the vastus lateralis was obtained from 6 of the 8 at 0, 4 and 10 wks. Subjects undertook a cycle capacity test to determine total work done (TWD) at 110% (CCT(110%)) of their maximum power (W(max)). Twelve matched subjects received a placebo. Eleven of these completed the CCT(110%) at 0 and 4 wks, and 8, 10 wks. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 5 of the 8 and one additional subject. Muscle carnosine was significantly increased by +58.8% and +80.1% after 4 and 10 wks beta-alanine supplementation. Carnosine, initially 1.71 times higher in type IIa fibres, increased equally in both type I and IIa fibres. No increase was seen in control subjects. Taurine was unchanged by 10 wks of supplementation. 4 wks beta-alanine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in TWD (+13.0%); with a further +3.2% increase at 10 wks. TWD was unchanged at 4 and 10 wks in the control subjects. The increase in TWD with supplementation followed the increase in muscle carnosine.
==================
Amino Acids. 2007 Apr;32(3):381-6. Epub 2006 Nov 30. Links
Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women.
¡¤ Stout JR,
This study examined the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)), ventilatory threshold (VT), maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O(2-MAX)), and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) in women. Twenty-two women (age +/- SD 27.4 +/- 6.1 yrs) participated and were randomly assigned to either the beta-alanine (CarnoSyntrade mark) or Placebo (PL) group. Before (pre) and after (post) the supplementation period, participants performed a continuous, incremental cycle ergometry test to exhaustion to determine the PWC(FT), VT, [Formula: see text]O(2-MAX), and TTE. There was a 13.9, 12.6 and 2.5% increase (p < 0.05) in VT, PWC(FT), and TTE, respectively, for the beta-alanine group, with no changes in the PL (p > 0.05). There were no changes for [Formula: see text]O(2-MAX) (p > 0.05) in either group. Results of this study indicate that beta-alanine supplementation delays the onset of neuromuscular fatigue (PWC(FT)) and the ventilatory threshold (VT) at submaximal workloads, and increase in TTE during maximal cycle ergometry performance. However, beta-alanine supplementation did not affect maximal aerobic power ([Formula: see text]O(2-MAX)). In conclusion, beta-alanine supplementation appears to improve submaximal cycle ergometry performance and TTE in young women, perhaps as a result of an increased buffering capacity due to elevated muscle carnosine concentrations.
===============
J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Nov;20(4):928-31. Links
Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold.
¡¤ Stout JR,
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 28 days of beta-alanine (b-Ala) and creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue by using the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold (PWC(FT)) test in untrained men. Fifty-one men (mean age +/- SD = 24.5 +/- 5.3 years) volunteered to participate in this 28-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: placebo (PLA; 34 g dextrose; n = 13), CrM (5.25 g CrM plus 34 g dextrose; n = 12), b-Ala (1.6 g b-Ala plus 34 g of dextrose; n = 12), or b-Ala plus CrM (CrBA; 5.25 g CrM plus 1.6 g b-Ala plus 34 g dextrose; n = 14). The supplement was ingested 4 times per day for 6 consecutive days, then twice per day for 22 days before posttesting. Before and after the supplementation, subjects performed a continuous incremental cycle ergometry test while a surface electromyographic signal was recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle to determine PWC(FT). The adjusted mean posttest PWC(FT) values (covaried for pretest PWC(FT) values) for the b-Ala and CrBA groups were greater than those for the PLA group (p < or = 0.05). However, there were no differences between the CrM vs. PLA, CrBA vs. b-Ala, CrM vs. b-Ala, or CrM vs. CrBA groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggested that b-Ala supplementation may delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue. Furthermore, there appeared to be no additive or unique effects of CrM vs. b-Ala alone on PWC(FT).
===================
Effect of Creatine and ¥â-Alanine Supplementation on Performance and Endocrine Responses in Strength/Power Athletes: 1120: 9:45 AM - 10:00 AM
Hoffman, Jay R. FACSM1; Ratamess, Nicholas A.1; Kang, Jie FACSM1; Mangine, Gerald1; Faigenbaum, Avery D. FACSM1; Stout, Jeffrey R. FACSM2
PURPOSE: The effects of creatine and creatine + ¥â-alanine on strength, power, body composition and endocrine changes were examined during a 10-week resistance training program in strength/power athletes.
METHODS: Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo (P), creatine (C) or creatine + ©¬-alanine (CA) group. During each testing session subjects were assessed for strength (maximum bench press and squat), power (Wingate anaerobic power test, 20-jump test) and body composition. Resting blood samples were analyzed for total testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, IGF-1 and sex hormone binding globulin.
RESULTS: No differences in body mass, lean mass, fat mass, body fat composition or power measures were seen between the groups. However, ¥ä changes in lean mass and % body fat were greater (p<0.05) in CA compared to C or P. Significantly greater strength improvements were also seen in both the 1-RM squat and bench press for CA (24.1 ¡¾ 6.8 kg and 11.8 ¡¾ 5.0 kg, respectively) and C (23.6 ¡¾ 12.3 kg and 15.0 ¡¾ 7.7 kg, respectively) compared to P (5.5 ¡¾ 8.6 kg and 6.8 ¡¾ 6.4 kg, respectively). Resting testosterone concentrations were elevated in C, however, no other significant endocrine changes were noted.
CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of creatine and creatine plus ¥â-alanine on strength performance. Creatine plus ¥â-alanine supplementation appeared to have the greatest effect on lean tissue accruement and body fat composition.
=====================
Effect of 14 Days Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Isometric Endurance of the Knee Extensors: 1119: 9:30 AM - 9:45 AM
Harris, Roger C.1; Hill, Chester A.1; Sale, Craig1; Jones, Glenys A.1; Kim, Hyo J.2; Wise, John A.3; Kraemer, William J FACSM, FACSM
(R.C. Harris, Royalty, Natural Alternatives International, Inc.)
Carnosine (Carn) occurs in muscle in high concentrations and is an important contributor to H+ buffering. Carn is synthesised in situ from Beta-Alanine (¥â-Ala) and Histidine (His). Synthesis in muscle appears to be limited by ¥â-Ala availability which is normally obtained from ex-muscle synthesis and meat ingestion. We have reported an 80% increase in muscle Carn with supplementation of up to 6.4g¡¤d-1 of ¥â-Ala. Evidence from our laboratory indicates that uptake of ¥â-ala into muscle is further enhanced by co-administration with simple sugars.
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of 14 day ¥â-Ala supplementation, with additional carbohydrate (CHO), upon isometric endurance performance of the knee extensors at 45-50% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC). This MVC coincides with the peak in intramuscular lactate accumulation and pH decrease.
METHODS: Twenty subjects [mean (SD)] aged 25.3 (7.5) yrs; mass 78.0 (10.2) kg were assigned to receive either 4 ¡¿ 1.6g¡¤d-1 ¥â-Ala or a placebo equivalent for 14 days. Each dose was ingested with 45-65g CHO. Isometric exercise endurance (time in seconds) of the knee extensors, and impulse (kNewton.sec) generated, were measured pre and post supplementation.
RESULTS: Mean (SE) MVC's of test and placebo subjects were 685 (38) and 653 (51) Newtons, respectively. Exercise endurance times, pre and post supplementation, were treatment: 70.0 (5.3) and 78.0 (3.3) sec, and control: 74.5 (4.1) and 73.8 (3.5) sec. The 8.0 (3.2) sec gain in the treatment group was significant (p<0.02) compared to the change in the control. Impulse changed by +2.665 (1.099) and -0.140 (0.449) kNewton.sec in the treatment and control groups respectively (p<0.02).
CONCLUSION: The 11.4% increase in isometric endurance is consistent with an increase in intramuscular buffering capacity and predictions that pH may limit exercise performance. The results agree with a previous presentation demonstrating a significant gain in high intensity cycling duration, but in the present case using a shorter 14 day supplementation period.
EFFECT OF COMBINED BETA-ALANINE AND CREATINE MONOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
[E-14L FREE COMMUNICATION POSTER/CREATINE]
Harris, R C.1; Hill, C1; Wise, J A.1
Carnosine contributes to physico-chemical buffering of H+ in muscle by virtue of its histidine residue which exhibits a pKa of 6.83. Carnosine (¥â-alanylhistidine) is synthesised in muscle from its 2 constituent amino acids of which ¥â-alanine (¥â-Ala) appears to be limiting. ¥â-Ala is normally obtained from ex-muscle synthesis or meat ingestion.
PURPOSE
To investigate if ¥â-Ala supplementation increases the capacity to undertake intense exercise normally associated with lactate accumulation.
METHODS
28 healthy male subjects (24-30 years; 65-95kg), active in one or more sport, were supplemented with (a) (4 ¡¿ 800 mg).d-1 ¥â-Ala for 5w with (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 creatine monohydrate (CrM) during the 5th week (n = 10); (b) (4 ¡¿ 800mg).d-1 placebo for 5w with (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 CrM over the 5th week (n = 9); (c) (4 ¡¿ 800mg).d-1 matching placebo for 5w with an additional (4 ¡¿ 5g).d-1 placebo replacing the CrM during the 5th week (n = 9). Treatments were allocated randomly and the study conducted double blind. Isometric endurance at 50% MVC and power output during a 4 min all-out maximal ergometer exercise (PO4max) were assessed before and at the end of the 5th week.
RESULTS
The mean endurance at 50% MVC and the product of force ¡¿ time showed a small and equal increase in (a) and (b) relative to (c) though this was not significant. PO4max was increased in (a) >(b) >(c) (38.2, 8.7 and -1.6W, respectively). The contrast of (a) with (b) or (c) was significant (P < 0.05) but not (b) with (c). Most of the gain in PO in (a) occurred during the 1 minute of exercise.
CONCLUSION
Supplementation with ¥â-Ala increases maximal PO during the first minute of maximal dynamic exercise before full cardiovascular adjustment occurs, probably as a result of an increase in H+ buffering by muscle carnosine.
